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The common stingray (''Dasyatis pastinaca'') is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It typically inhabits sandy or muddy habitats in coastal waters shallower than , often burying itself in sediment. Usually measuring across, the common stingray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc slightly wider than long, and a whip-like tail with upper and lower fin folds. It can be identified by its plain coloration and mostly smooth skin, except for a row of tubercles along the midline of the back in the largest individuals. The predominant prey of the common stingray are bottom-dwelling crustaceans, though it also takes molluscs, polychaete worms, and small bony fishes. It is aplacental viviparous: the embryos are nourished by yolk and later histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Females bear 4–9 young twice per year in shallow water, after a gestation period of four months. The common stingray can inflict a painful, though rarely life-threatening, wound with its venomous tail spine. During classical antiquity, its sting was ascribed many mythical properties. This species is not sought after by commercial fisheries, but is taken in large numbers as bycatch and utilized for food, fishmeal, and liver oil. Its population is apparently dwindling across its range, though there is not yet sufficient data for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to assess it beyond Data Deficient. ==Taxonomy and phylogeny== }} }} }} }} }} }} Well-documented since classical antiquity, the common stingray was known as ''trygon'' (τρυγών) to the ancient Greeks and as ''pastinaca'' to the ancient Romans.〔〔 An old common name for this species, used in Great Britain since at least the 18th century, is "fire-flare" or "fiery-flare", which may refer to the reddish color of its meat.〔〔 The first formal scientific description of the common stingray, as ''Raja pastinaca'', was authored by the father of taxonomy Carl Linnaeus in the 1758 tenth edition of ''Systema Naturae''. It has since been placed in the genus ''Dasyatis''. There are at least 25 earlier references to this ray in literature, under various non-binomial names such as ''Raja corpore glabro, aculeo longo anterius serrato in cauda apterygia'', ''Pastinaca marina prima'', and ''Pastinaca marina lævis''. Many of these early accounts, including Linnaeus', also incorporated information from other species. Consequently, the designation of a lectotype is warranted in the interests of taxonomic stability, but this has yet to be enacted.〔 The blue stingray (''Dasyatis chrysonota'') of southern Africa has long been regarded as a variant of the common stingray. However, the common stingray lacks the blue markings of the other species and differs in morphological and meristic characters, which led the latter to be definitively recognized as a separate species by Paul Cowley and Leonard Compagno in 1993.〔 The distinction between this species and the similar Tortonese's stingray (''D. tortonesei'') of the Mediterranean is poorly understood and may not be valid, requiring further investigation.〔 In 2001, Lisa Rosenberger published a phylogenetic analysis of 14 ''Dasyatis'' species, based on morphology. The common stingray was reported to be the most basal member of the genus, other than the bluespotted stingray (''D. kuhlii'') and pelagic stingray (''D. violacea'').〔 However, ''D. violacea'' has generally been recognized as belonging to its own genus ''Pteroplatytrygon'', and recently ''D. kuhlii'' has also been placed in a different genus, ''Neotrygon''.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Common stingray」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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